Interactions of body shape, body size and stroke-acceleration patterns in costs of underwater swimming by birds
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Hydrodynamic drag of diving birds: effects of body size, body shape and feathers at steady speeds.
For birds diving to depths where pressure has mostly reduced the buoyancy of air spaces, hydrodynamic drag is the main mechanical cost of steady swimming. Drag is strongly affected by body size and shape, so such differences among species should affect energy costs. Because flow around the body is complicated by the roughness and vibration of feathers, feathers must be considered in evaluating ...
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Cyclic changes in the shape of a quasi-rigid body on a curved manifold can lead to net translation and/or rotation of the body. The amount of translation depends on the intrinsic curvature of the manifold. Presuming spacetime is a curved manifold as portrayed by general relativity, translation in space can be accomplished simply by cyclic changes in the shape of a body, without any external for...
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با به کار گیری روش گفتما ن شنا سی در تحقیق حا ضر گفتا ر میا ن آموزگا را ن و زبا ن آموزا ن در کلا سهای زبا ن انگلیسی در ایرا ن مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ا هداف تحقیق عبا رت بودند از: الف) شنا سا ئی سا ختارهای ارتبا ط گفتا ری میا ن معلمین و زبا ن آموزا ن ب) بررسی تا ثیر نقش جنسیت دبیرا ن و زبا ن آموزان بر سا ختا رهای ارتبا ط گفتا ری میا ن آنها پ) مشخص کردن اینکه آ یا آموزگاران غا لب بر این ارتبا ط گف...
Global biogeography and ecology of body size in birds.
In 1847, Karl Bergmann proposed that temperature gradients are the key to understanding geographic variation in the body sizes of warm-blooded animals. Yet both the geographic patterns of body-size variation and their underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Here, we conduct the first assemblage-level global examination of 'Bergmann's rule' within an entire animal class. We generate global m...
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although there are studies on pragmatic assessment, to date, literature has been almost silent about native and non-native english raters’ criteria for the assessment of efl learners’ pragmatic performance. focusing on this topic, this study pursued four purposes. the first one was to find criteria for rating the speech acts of apology and refusal in l2 by native and non-native english teachers...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Functional Ecology
سال: 2002
ISSN: 0269-8463
DOI: 10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00604.x